Los aportes del aceite de palma a los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible de las Naciones Unidas: resultados de un análisis de los aspectos económicos
Palabras clave:
Aceite de palma, Objetivos de Desarrollo Sosteinible, ODS, Certificación de sostenibilidad, Fin de la pobreza, Hambre cero, Desarrollo económicoResumen
El aceite de palma es el más utilizado del mundo y el más criticado por su impacto ambiental debido a la advertida reducción en las áreas de bosque tropical para su cultivo en las últimas décadas. Sin embargo, hay muy poca discusión sobre las implicaciones socioeconómicas asociadas con su producción. Para contribuir a un debate más informado, se realizó una revisión en profundidad de la literatura existente que aborda los diversos aspectos socioeconómicos de la producción de aceite de palma, describiendo sus aportes al logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) de las Naciones Unidas. Los resultados, hallazgos y conclusiones de 82 estudios publicados a partir de 2010 fueron clasificados como positivos, negativos, neutros o variados y, en ocasiones, incluso contradictorios, con respecto a los aportes del cultivo de palma y/o la producción de aceite de palma al logro de un conjunto de ocho ODS seleccionados por ser los más relacionados con el desarrollo socioeconómico, diferenciando entre producción sostenible y convencional, cuando sea posible. Los resultados muestran que es difícil trazar puntos de vista uniformes, destacando los matices y las variadas facetas de los aportes del aceite de palma a los ocho ODS, algunos de los cuales están inevitablemente interconectados. En general, se desprende que el aceite de palma desempeña un papel crucial en el impulso de la economía y los medios de vida de las comunidades locales en muchos de los países en vías de desarrollo que lo producen, contribuyendo sustancialmente a la reducción de la pobreza y a la seguridad alimentaria. Sin embargo, en algunos casos, la expansión de las plantaciones de palma de aceite ha agravado las desigualdades sociales, y el crecimiento económico generado por la cadena de producción de aceite de palma no siempre va acompañado de condiciones de trabajo decentes. En este contexto, el logro de algunos ODS a menudo se ve facilitado por la implementación de esquemas de certificación de sostenibilidad que tienen un papel clave en la mejora del desempeño socioeconómico y ambiental de la producción de aceite de palma. Esto conduce a mejores medios socioeconómicos de vida para las personas que viven en las zonas de producción en términos de condiciones de trabajo, infraestructura, servicios y salarios, con la consiguiente reducción de las tasas de pobreza, un aumento de la calidad de la educación y un mejor acceso a los sistemas de alimentación y salud.
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