¿Los agricultores ricos implementan mejores prácticas agrícolas? Una evaluación de la implementación de buenas prácticas agrícolas entre diferentes tipos de pequeños productores independientes de palma de aceite en Riau, Indonesia
Palabras clave:
palma de aceite, pequeños productores, tipología de agricultores, uso de la tierra, intensificación, IndonesiaResumen
Durante los últimos 30 años el aceite de palma se convirtió en el principal aceite vegetal, y los pequeños productores en Indonesia, el principal productor de aceite de palma (Elaeis guineensis) del mundo con más de 12 millones de hectáreas, adoptaron este cultivo de forma masiva. En Sumatra, donde se cultiva más del 60 % del aceite de palma de Indonesia, los pequeños productores cubren aproximadamente el 50 % del área actual sembrada con este cultivo. Sin embargo, su rápida expansión no ha estado libre de controversias. En los esfuerzos actuales del gobierno de Indonesia, la empresa privada y varias ONG para mejorar el desempeño del sector, los pequeños productores suelen ser caracterizados como el talón de Aquiles debido a sus pobres prácticas y bajos rendimientos, en comparación con las compañías. No obstante, “pequeños productores de palma de aceite” es un concepto global y solo existe una limitada investigación respecto a su diversidad, más allá de la división de agricultores independientes frente a organizados. Esta investigación ahonda en la implementación de buenas prácticas agrícolas (BPA) en siete tipos de pequeños productores independientes en el distrito (Kabupaten) de Rokan Hulu, en la provincia de Riau. La investigación fue realizada en un área agrícola establecida relacionada con suelos minerales y en una frontera relativa, principalmente a turba. Los tipos de productores variaron de pequeños locales a grandes agricultores que, usualmente, residían en áreas urbanas apartadas de sus plan- taciones y que consideraban el cultivo de la palma de aceite como una oportunidad de inversión. La hipótesis subyacente es que los grandes agricultores tienen más capital y, por lo tanto, implementan mejores prácticas agrícolas que los pequeños, quienes suelen tener más limitaciones de dinero. Se aplicaron varios métodos, incluyendo encuestas a agricultores y sobre las fincas, teledetección, análisis de tejidos e interpretación de fotografías por expertos. Estos métodos proporcionaron datos sobre el uso de fertilizante, las condiciones de nutrientes de las palmas de aceite, material y patrones de siembra y otras prácticas de manejo en las plantaciones. Los resultados mostraron que los rendimientos eran pobres, la implementación de BPA era limitada y que había mucho por mejorar entre todos los tipos de agricultores. Los materiales de siembra deficientes, patrones de siembra cuadrados y la aplicación limitada de nutrientes fueron particularmente comunes. Esto implicó que las varias tipologías de agricultores eligieran un sistema de baja demanda de insumos y baja productividad por varias razones, y que bajo las condiciones actuales, sea poco probable que iniciativas como optimizar el acceso a fondos o a la disponibilidad de buenos materiales de siembra, mejoren significativamente, por sí solas, la productividad y sostenibilidad del sector de los pequeños productores de palma de aceite.
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Hidayat, K. N., Glasbergen, P., Offermans, A., 2015. Sustainability certification and palm oil smallholders’ livelihood: a comparison between scheme smallholders and in dependent smallholders in Indonesia. Int. Food Agribus. Man. 18 (3).
Ivancic, H., Koh, L. P., 2016. Evolution of sustainable palm oil policy in Southeast Asia. Cogent Environmental Science 2 (1).
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Cómo citar
Jelsma, I., Woittiez, L. S. W., Ollivier, J., & Hadi Dharmawan , A. (2020). ¿Los agricultores ricos implementan mejores prácticas agrícolas? Una evaluación de la implementación de buenas prácticas agrícolas entre diferentes tipos de pequeños productores independientes de palma de aceite en Riau, Indonesia. Palmas, 41(1), 36–63. Recuperado a partir de https://publicaciones.fedepalma.org/index.php/palmas/article/view/13126
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